Castings are a product form that often receive radiographic inspection since many of the defects produced by the casting process are volumetric in nature, and are thus. These reference radiographs 2 illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. Each of them illustrates various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thickness up to 12 inches 300mm. May 02, 2020 astm e446 pdf this standard is issued under the fixed designation e. Astm e186 152019e1 standard reference radiographs for. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in reference radiograph standards e and e note 4although category gmottling is listed for all three volumes, ast, appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. E446 volume i reference radiographs are available as digital reference images with the designation e2868. A copy of the current astm standard is included with the purchase of these reference radiographs. Astme446standard reference radiographs for steel castings.
Astm e44698 standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. Astm e44610 standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. Reference radiographs previously e4446 for this thickness range carried the designation e71but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. Astme446 standard reference radiographs for steel castings. Aug 18, 2019 astm e446 pdf download it shall not be used as a criterion for acceptance or rejection in comparison with reference radiographs. These radiographs are included in astm standard e446 for castings up to 2. E446 eference images for aluminum and e505 144201218. Note 1reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation e71, but included a f446 rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. Astme689 standard reference radiographs for ductile iron. Astm e802 19 standard reference radiographs for gray. Available astm reference image standards on filr additional reference image. They may be used in accordance with contractual specifications. Note 1 reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation e71, but included a f446 rarely used gamma source, that is, radium.
This standard extends the application of steel casting reference radiographs e446, e186, and e280 to ductile iron castings when determined appropriate for specific applications see section 4. Rt versus ut conversion of acceptance standards from. Astm reference radiographs, nondestructive testing standards universally. Radiographs shall be evaluated by comparison to reference radiographs. It was found that the seven ratings for each xray were in unanimous. E186 reference radiographs for heavywalled 2 to 412 in.
Aug 09, 2019 astm e446 pdf this standard is issued under the fixed designation e. This paper presents the results of two different studies that examined the astm xray shrinkage rating system for radiographs of steel castings. Standard reference radiographs for inspection of aluminum and magnesium castings. Astm e280 standard reference radiographs for heavy walled steel castings. The first study evaluated the repeatability and reproducibility of xray shrinkage ratings through a statistical study of 128 xrays that were each rated seven different times.
An astm designation number identifies a unique version of an astm standard. Astm e446 standard reference radiographs for steel castings. Investment steel castinqs highstrength copperba or casting applications aphs for. Astme446standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. Astm e689 15 standard reference radiographs for ductile. Standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. E242 reference radiographs for appearances of radiographic images as certain parameters are changed. Volume i, medium voltage nominal 250 kvp x rays5 volume ii, 1mv x rays and iridium1926 volume iii, 2mv to 4mv x rays and cobalt607 1 these reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of astm committee.
These radiographs are included in astm standard e446 for castings up to 2 inches thick 1, e186 for castings 2 to 4. Astm e446 pdf this standard is issued under the fixed designation e. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or c categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories except for one example of. E 446 98 an american national standard standard reference radiographs for. Astm e446982004e1 standard reference radiographs for.
Astm e192 standard reference radiographs for investment steel castings of aerospace applications. The reference radiographs consist of the following. Astme446standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to. Note 1reference radiographs applicable to investment and all thinwall close tolerance steel castings up to 1 in. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of e446 or e280 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined. Reference radiographs e446 for steel castings up to 2 in. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Reference radiographs for e446 steel castings up to 2 in.
Analysis of astm xray shrinkage rating for steel castings. A copy of the astm user license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes. E44615 standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. Astm e446 10 standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in reference radiograph standards e186 and e280. E446 reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. Reference radiograph standards e446 and e186 provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range see 4. Reference radiographs are non destructive testing standards universally accepted because of their high reliability in acceptreject actions.
The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or c categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Astm reference radiographs are available as complete sets or individual volumes of radiographic images with defects. These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs and are supplied as a means of establishing the categories and severity levels of discontinuities in steel castings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. These film reference radiographs are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in steel castings when performing digital radiography. It is the responsibility of the user of this astn to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from astm international, if needed see 2. List of standard astm reference radiographs published by. Reference radiographs e446 for steel castings up to 2. Available astm reference image standards on filr standard reference image f list of standard reference radiogr.
E94 guide for radiographic examination using industrial radiographic film. Standard reference radiographs for ductile iron castings. Radiograph interpretation castings the major objective of radiographic testing of castings is the disclosure of defects that adversely affect the strength of the product. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the astm committee on standards, at the address shown below. For referenced astm standards, visit the astm website. Standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2. List of standard astm reference radiographs published by astm. Oct 02, 2019 astm e446 pdf this standard is issued under the fixed designation e.
The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to e446, e186, or e280, and must be purchased separately from astm international, if needed see 2. This volume also includes standards on radiographic examination of castings to be used with astms standard reference radiographs. If performing film radiography of steel castings up to 2 in. Astm e446 standard reference radiographs for steel. The document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser. Astm e446186280 are the most common radiographic specifications for assessment of internal discontinuities in castings.
The reference radiographs are assigned levels, but there is significant similarity in the levels causing problems in interpretation. Astm e446 15 standard reference radiographs for steel. Reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. It may also require the evaluator to prorate the radiograph of the area of interest of a part to the reference radiographs. E186 reference radiographs for class ca, cb and cc shrinkage were digitized. Astm e186 standard reference radiographs for heavy walled steel castings. List of standard astm reference radiographs for industrial radiography. Following is a list e446 discontinuity categories, types astm e severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard. Astme689 standard reference radiographs for ductile. Astm e446 982004e1 standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in.
Astm e 20 standard reference radiographs for steel castings. Available astm reference image standards on filr standard reference image f list of standard reference radiogr e15510 e18610 e19210 e27210 inspection of aluminum at heavywalled 2 to 4. List of standard astm reference radiographs publis. Standardni referencni rentgenove snimky pro ocelove odlitky az 2 v. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to e446, e186, or e280, and must be purchased separately from astm international, if needed.
E155 volume ii reference radiographs are available as digital reference images with the designation e2868. Astm e446 standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2. These reference radiographs are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 4 12 to 12 in. Reference radiographs are nondestructive testing standards universally accepted because of their high reliability in acceptreject actions. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in e and e reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a speci. Standard digital reference images for steel castings up to. Astm e 390 standard reference radiographs for steel fusion welds. For alloys having a density of less than 5 kgdm3, test class b is recommended. Astm e446 98 standard reference radiographs for steel castings up to 2 in. Active standard astm e446 developed by subcommittee. Aug 02, 2019 reference radiographs previously e4446 for this thickness range carried the designation e71but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. Radiographs for evaluation are to be compared with these reference radiographs for classification on the basis of the category and severity level of the discontinuity.
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